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The clay minerals kaolin and montmorillonite as inorganic carriers were evaluated for the polymerization of ethylene and propylene with commercially available titanocenes and zirconocenes and with new types of titanocenes. The heterogeneous catalysts on kaolin were less active in ethylene polymerization as comparable homogeneous catalysts and they were not active in propylene polymerization. The heterogeneous catalysts on montmorillonite were often more active in ethylene or propylene polymerization than comparable homogeneous systems. Trimethylaluminum and triisobutylaluminum were used for heterogeneous polymerizations as cocatalysts. The high activities in ethylene or propylene polymerizations with montmorillonite could be due to the special structure of the montmorillonite. The clay mineral montmorillonite had a three-layer structure, with an aluminum octader layer, which is covered by two silica tetrader layers, while kaolin had only two layers.
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Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI