In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant. The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum.In a patent, 1416881-52-1, name is 2,4,5,6-Tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile, introducing its new discovery. category: catalyst-ligand
Electron-rich arenes are oxidatively photochlorinated in the presence of catalytic amounts of bromide ions, visible light, and 4CzIPN as organic photoredox catalyst. The substrates are brominated in situ in a first photoredox-catalyzed oxidation step, followed by a photocatalyzed ipso-chlorination, yielding the target compounds in high ortho/para regioselectivity. Dioxygen serves as a green and convenient terminal oxidant. The use of aqueous hydrochloric acid as the chloride source reduces the amount of saline by-products.
The proportionality constant is the rate constant for the particular unimolecular reaction. the reaction rate is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactant. I hope my blog about 1416881-52-1 is helpful to your research. category: catalyst-ligand
Reference：
Metal catalyst and ligand design,
Ligand Template Strategies for Catalyst Encapsulation – NCBI